Linear Algebra Examples

$[\begin{array}{c} 2 & 4 & 6 \\ 4 & 5 & 6 \\ 3 & 1 & - 2 \end{array}]$

Step 1

Set up the formula to find the characteristic equation $p (λ)$ .

$p (λ) = determinant (A - λ I_{3})$

Step 2

The identity matrix or unit matrix of size $3$ is the $3 \times 3$ square matrix with ones on the main diagonal and zeros elsewhere.

$[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{array}]$

Step 3

Substitute the known values into $p (λ) = determinant (A - λ I_{3})$ .

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Step 3.1

Substitute $[\begin{array}{c} 2 & 4 & 6 \\ 4 & 5 & 6 \\ 3 & 1 & - 2 \end{array}]$ for $A$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} 2 & 4 & 6 \\ 4 & 5 & 6 \\ 3 & 1 & - 2 \end{array}] - λ I_{3})$

Step 3.2

Substitute $[\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{array}]$ for $I_{3}$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} 2 & 4 & 6 \\ 4 & 5 & 6 \\ 3 & 1 & - 2 \end{array}] - λ [\begin{array}{c} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4

Simplify.

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Step 4.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 4.1.1

Multiply $- λ$ by each element of the matrix.

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} 2 & 4 & 6 \\ 4 & 5 & 6 \\ 3 & 1 & - 2 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2

Simplify each element in the matrix.

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Step 4.1.2.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} 2 & 4 & 6 \\ 4 & 5 & 6 \\ 3 & 1 & - 2 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.2

Multiply $- λ \cdot 0$ .

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Step 4.1.2.2.1

Multiply $0$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} 2 & 4 & 6 \\ 4 & 5 & 6 \\ 3 & 1 & - 2 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 λ & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.2.2

Multiply $0$ by $λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} 2 & 4 & 6 \\ 4 & 5 & 6 \\ 3 & 1 & - 2 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.3

Multiply $- λ \cdot 0$ .

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Step 4.1.2.3.1

Multiply $0$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} 2 & 4 & 6 \\ 4 & 5 & 6 \\ 3 & 1 & - 2 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 λ \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.3.2

Multiply $0$ by $λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} 2 & 4 & 6 \\ 4 & 5 & 6 \\ 3 & 1 & - 2 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.4

Multiply $- λ \cdot 0$ .

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Step 4.1.2.4.1

Multiply $0$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} 2 & 4 & 6 \\ 4 & 5 & 6 \\ 3 & 1 & - 2 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 λ & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.4.2

Multiply $0$ by $λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} 2 & 4 & 6 \\ 4 & 5 & 6 \\ 3 & 1 & - 2 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ \cdot 1 & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.5

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} 2 & 4 & 6 \\ 4 & 5 & 6 \\ 3 & 1 & - 2 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & - λ \cdot 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.6

Multiply $- λ \cdot 0$ .

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Step 4.1.2.6.1

Multiply $0$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} 2 & 4 & 6 \\ 4 & 5 & 6 \\ 3 & 1 & - 2 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 λ \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.6.2

Multiply $0$ by $λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} 2 & 4 & 6 \\ 4 & 5 & 6 \\ 3 & 1 & - 2 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 \\ - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.7

Multiply $- λ \cdot 0$ .

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Step 4.1.2.7.1

Multiply $0$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} 2 & 4 & 6 \\ 4 & 5 & 6 \\ 3 & 1 & - 2 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 \\ 0 λ & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.7.2

Multiply $0$ by $λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} 2 & 4 & 6 \\ 4 & 5 & 6 \\ 3 & 1 & - 2 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 \\ 0 & - λ \cdot 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.8

Multiply $- λ \cdot 0$ .

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Step 4.1.2.8.1

Multiply $0$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} 2 & 4 & 6 \\ 4 & 5 & 6 \\ 3 & 1 & - 2 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 \\ 0 & 0 λ & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.8.2

Multiply $0$ by $λ$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} 2 & 4 & 6 \\ 4 & 5 & 6 \\ 3 & 1 & - 2 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ \cdot 1 \end{array}])$

Step 4.1.2.9

Multiply $- 1$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = determinant ([\begin{array}{c} 2 & 4 & 6 \\ 4 & 5 & 6 \\ 3 & 1 & - 2 \end{array}] + [\begin{array}{c} - λ & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - λ & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & - λ \end{array}])$

Step 4.2

Add the corresponding elements.

$p (λ) = determinant [\begin{array}{c} 2 - λ & 4 + 0 & 6 + 0 \\ 4 + 0 & 5 - λ & 6 + 0 \\ 3 + 0 & 1 + 0 & - 2 - λ \end{array}]$

Step 4.3

Simplify each element.

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Step 4.3.1

Add $4$ and $0$ .

$p (λ) = determinant [\begin{array}{c} 2 - λ & 4 & 6 + 0 \\ 4 + 0 & 5 - λ & 6 + 0 \\ 3 + 0 & 1 + 0 & - 2 - λ \end{array}]$

Step 4.3.2

Add $6$ and $0$ .

$p (λ) = determinant [\begin{array}{c} 2 - λ & 4 & 6 \\ 4 + 0 & 5 - λ & 6 + 0 \\ 3 + 0 & 1 + 0 & - 2 - λ \end{array}]$

Step 4.3.3

Add $4$ and $0$ .

$p (λ) = determinant [\begin{array}{c} 2 - λ & 4 & 6 \\ 4 & 5 - λ & 6 + 0 \\ 3 + 0 & 1 + 0 & - 2 - λ \end{array}]$

Step 4.3.4

Add $6$ and $0$ .

$p (λ) = determinant [\begin{array}{c} 2 - λ & 4 & 6 \\ 4 & 5 - λ & 6 \\ 3 + 0 & 1 + 0 & - 2 - λ \end{array}]$

Step 4.3.5

Add $3$ and $0$ .

$p (λ) = determinant [\begin{array}{c} 2 - λ & 4 & 6 \\ 4 & 5 - λ & 6 \\ 3 & 1 + 0 & - 2 - λ \end{array}]$

Step 4.3.6

Add $1$ and $0$ .

$p (λ) = determinant [\begin{array}{c} 2 - λ & 4 & 6 \\ 4 & 5 - λ & 6 \\ 3 & 1 & - 2 - λ \end{array}]$

Step 5

Find the determinant.

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Step 5.1

Choose the row or column with the most $0$ elements. If there are no $0$ elements choose any row or column. Multiply every element in row $1$ by its cofactor and add.

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Step 5.1.1

Consider the corresponding sign chart.

$| \begin{array}{c} + & - & + \\ - & + & - \\ + & - & + \end{array} |$

Step 5.1.2

The cofactor is the minor with the sign changed if the indices match a $-$ position on the sign chart.

Step 5.1.3

The minor for $a_{11}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $1$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 5 - λ & 6 \\ 1 & - 2 - λ \end{array} |$

Step 5.1.4

Multiply element $a_{11}$ by its cofactor.

$(2 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} 5 - λ & 6 \\ 1 & - 2 - λ \end{array} |$

Step 5.1.5

The minor for $a_{12}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $2$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 4 & 6 \\ 3 & - 2 - λ \end{array} |$

Step 5.1.6

Multiply element $a_{12}$ by its cofactor.

$- 4 | \begin{array}{c} 4 & 6 \\ 3 & - 2 - λ \end{array} |$

Step 5.1.7

The minor for $a_{13}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $3$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} 4 & 5 - λ \\ 3 & 1 \end{array} |$

Step 5.1.8

Multiply element $a_{13}$ by its cofactor.

$6 | \begin{array}{c} 4 & 5 - λ \\ 3 & 1 \end{array} |$

Step 5.1.9

Add the terms together.

$p (λ) = (2 - λ) | \begin{array}{c} 5 - λ & 6 \\ 1 & - 2 - λ \end{array} | - 4 | \begin{array}{c} 4 & 6 \\ 3 & - 2 - λ \end{array} | + 6 | \begin{array}{c} 4 & 5 - λ \\ 3 & 1 \end{array} |$

Step 5.2

Evaluate $| \begin{array}{c} 5 - λ & 6 \\ 1 & - 2 - λ \end{array} |$ .

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Step 5.2.1

The determinant of a $2 \times 2$ matrix can be found using the formula $| \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} | = a d - c b$ .

$p (λ) = (2 - λ) ((5 - λ) (- 2 - λ) - 1 \cdot 6) - 4 | \begin{array}{c} 4 & 6 \\ 3 & - 2 - λ \end{array} | + 6 | \begin{array}{c} 4 & 5 - λ \\ 3 & 1 \end{array} |$

Step 5.2.2

Simplify the determinant.

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Step 5.2.2.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 5.2.2.1.1

Expand $(5 - λ) (- 2 - λ)$ using the FOIL Method.

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Step 5.2.2.1.1.1

Apply the distributive property.

$p (λ) = (2 - λ) (5 (- 2 - λ) - λ (- 2 - λ) - 1 \cdot 6) - 4 | \begin{array}{c} 4 & 6 \\ 3 & - 2 - λ \end{array} | + 6 | \begin{array}{c} 4 & 5 - λ \\ 3 & 1 \end{array} |$

Step 5.2.2.1.1.2

Apply the distributive property.

$p (λ) = (2 - λ) (5 \cdot - 2 + 5 (- λ) - λ (- 2 - λ) - 1 \cdot 6) - 4 | \begin{array}{c} 4 & 6 \\ 3 & - 2 - λ \end{array} | + 6 | \begin{array}{c} 4 & 5 - λ \\ 3 & 1 \end{array} |$

Step 5.2.2.1.1.3

Apply the distributive property.

$p (λ) = (2 - λ) (5 \cdot - 2 + 5 (- λ) - λ \cdot - 2 - λ (- λ) - 1 \cdot 6) - 4 | \begin{array}{c} 4 & 6 \\ 3 & - 2 - λ \end{array} | + 6 | \begin{array}{c} 4 & 5 - λ \\ 3 & 1 \end{array} |$

Step 5.2.2.1.2

Simplify and combine like terms.

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Step 5.2.2.1.2.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 5.2.2.1.2.1.1

Multiply $5$ by $- 2$ .

$p (λ) = (2 - λ) (- 10 + 5 (- λ) - λ \cdot - 2 - λ (- λ) - 1 \cdot 6) - 4 | \begin{array}{c} 4 & 6 \\ 3 & - 2 - λ \end{array} | + 6 | \begin{array}{c} 4 & 5 - λ \\ 3 & 1 \end{array} |$

Step 5.2.2.1.2.1.2

Multiply $- 1$ by $5$ .

$p (λ) = (2 - λ) (- 10 - 5 λ - λ \cdot - 2 - λ (- λ) - 1 \cdot 6) - 4 | \begin{array}{c} 4 & 6 \\ 3 & - 2 - λ \end{array} | + 6 | \begin{array}{c} 4 & 5 - λ \\ 3 & 1 \end{array} |$

Step 5.2.2.1.2.1.3

Multiply $- 2$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = (2 - λ) (- 10 - 5 λ + 2 λ - λ (- λ) - 1 \cdot 6) - 4 | \begin{array}{c} 4 & 6 \\ 3 & - 2 - λ \end{array} | + 6 | \begin{array}{c} 4 & 5 - λ \\ 3 & 1 \end{array} |$

Step 5.2.2.1.2.1.4

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$p (λ) = (2 - λ) (- 10 - 5 λ + 2 λ - 1 \cdot - 1 λ \cdot λ - 1 \cdot 6) - 4 | \begin{array}{c} 4 & 6 \\ 3 & - 2 - λ \end{array} | + 6 | \begin{array}{c} 4 & 5 - λ \\ 3 & 1 \end{array} |$

Step 5.2.2.1.2.1.5

Multiply $λ$ by $λ$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 5.2.2.1.2.1.5.1

Move $λ$ .

$p (λ) = (2 - λ) (- 10 - 5 λ + 2 λ - 1 \cdot - 1 (λ \cdot λ) - 1 \cdot 6) - 4 | \begin{array}{c} 4 & 6 \\ 3 & - 2 - λ \end{array} | + 6 | \begin{array}{c} 4 & 5 - λ \\ 3 & 1 \end{array} |$

Step 5.2.2.1.2.1.5.2

Multiply $λ$ by $λ$ .

$p (λ) = (2 - λ) (- 10 - 5 λ + 2 λ - 1 \cdot - 1 λ^{2} - 1 \cdot 6) - 4 | \begin{array}{c} 4 & 6 \\ 3 & - 2 - λ \end{array} | + 6 | \begin{array}{c} 4 & 5 - λ \\ 3 & 1 \end{array} |$

Step 5.2.2.1.2.1.6

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = (2 - λ) (- 10 - 5 λ + 2 λ + 1 λ^{2} - 1 \cdot 6) - 4 | \begin{array}{c} 4 & 6 \\ 3 & - 2 - λ \end{array} | + 6 | \begin{array}{c} 4 & 5 - λ \\ 3 & 1 \end{array} |$

Step 5.2.2.1.2.1.7

Multiply $λ^{2}$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = (2 - λ) (- 10 - 5 λ + 2 λ + λ^{2} - 1 \cdot 6) - 4 | \begin{array}{c} 4 & 6 \\ 3 & - 2 - λ \end{array} | + 6 | \begin{array}{c} 4 & 5 - λ \\ 3 & 1 \end{array} |$

Step 5.2.2.1.2.2

Add $- 5 λ$ and $2 λ$ .

$p (λ) = (2 - λ) (- 10 - 3 λ + λ^{2} - 1 \cdot 6) - 4 | \begin{array}{c} 4 & 6 \\ 3 & - 2 - λ \end{array} | + 6 | \begin{array}{c} 4 & 5 - λ \\ 3 & 1 \end{array} |$

Step 5.2.2.1.3

Multiply $- 1$ by $6$ .

$p (λ) = (2 - λ) (- 10 - 3 λ + λ^{2} - 6) - 4 | \begin{array}{c} 4 & 6 \\ 3 & - 2 - λ \end{array} | + 6 | \begin{array}{c} 4 & 5 - λ \\ 3 & 1 \end{array} |$

Step 5.2.2.2

Subtract $6$ from $- 10$ .

$p (λ) = (2 - λ) (- 3 λ + λ^{2} - 16) - 4 | \begin{array}{c} 4 & 6 \\ 3 & - 2 - λ \end{array} | + 6 | \begin{array}{c} 4 & 5 - λ \\ 3 & 1 \end{array} |$

Step 5.2.2.3

Reorder $- 3 λ$ and $λ^{2}$ .

$p (λ) = (2 - λ) (λ^{2} - 3 λ - 16) - 4 | \begin{array}{c} 4 & 6 \\ 3 & - 2 - λ \end{array} | + 6 | \begin{array}{c} 4 & 5 - λ \\ 3 & 1 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3

Evaluate $| \begin{array}{c} 4 & 6 \\ 3 & - 2 - λ \end{array} |$ .

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Step 5.3.1

The determinant of a $2 \times 2$ matrix can be found using the formula $| \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} | = a d - c b$ .

$p (λ) = (2 - λ) (λ^{2} - 3 λ - 16) - 4 (4 (- 2 - λ) - 3 \cdot 6) + 6 | \begin{array}{c} 4 & 5 - λ \\ 3 & 1 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.2

Simplify the determinant.

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Step 5.3.2.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 5.3.2.1.1

Apply the distributive property.

$p (λ) = (2 - λ) (λ^{2} - 3 λ - 16) - 4 (4 \cdot - 2 + 4 (- λ) - 3 \cdot 6) + 6 | \begin{array}{c} 4 & 5 - λ \\ 3 & 1 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.2.1.2

Multiply $4$ by $- 2$ .

$p (λ) = (2 - λ) (λ^{2} - 3 λ - 16) - 4 (- 8 + 4 (- λ) - 3 \cdot 6) + 6 | \begin{array}{c} 4 & 5 - λ \\ 3 & 1 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.2.1.3

Multiply $- 1$ by $4$ .

$p (λ) = (2 - λ) (λ^{2} - 3 λ - 16) - 4 (- 8 - 4 λ - 3 \cdot 6) + 6 | \begin{array}{c} 4 & 5 - λ \\ 3 & 1 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.2.1.4

Multiply $- 3$ by $6$ .

$p (λ) = (2 - λ) (λ^{2} - 3 λ - 16) - 4 (- 8 - 4 λ - 18) + 6 | \begin{array}{c} 4 & 5 - λ \\ 3 & 1 \end{array} |$

Step 5.3.2.2

Subtract $18$ from $- 8$ .

$p (λ) = (2 - λ) (λ^{2} - 3 λ - 16) - 4 (- 4 λ - 26) + 6 | \begin{array}{c} 4 & 5 - λ \\ 3 & 1 \end{array} |$

Step 5.4

Evaluate $| \begin{array}{c} 4 & 5 - λ \\ 3 & 1 \end{array} |$ .

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Step 5.4.1

The determinant of a $2 \times 2$ matrix can be found using the formula $| \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} | = a d - c b$ .

$p (λ) = (2 - λ) (λ^{2} - 3 λ - 16) - 4 (- 4 λ - 26) + 6 (4 \cdot 1 - 3 (5 - λ))$

Step 5.4.2

Simplify the determinant.

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Step 5.4.2.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 5.4.2.1.1

Multiply $4$ by $1$ .

$p (λ) = (2 - λ) (λ^{2} - 3 λ - 16) - 4 (- 4 λ - 26) + 6 (4 - 3 (5 - λ))$

Step 5.4.2.1.2

Apply the distributive property.

$p (λ) = (2 - λ) (λ^{2} - 3 λ - 16) - 4 (- 4 λ - 26) + 6 (4 - 3 \cdot 5 - 3 (- λ))$

Step 5.4.2.1.3

Multiply $- 3$ by $5$ .

$p (λ) = (2 - λ) (λ^{2} - 3 λ - 16) - 4 (- 4 λ - 26) + 6 (4 - 15 - 3 (- λ))$

Step 5.4.2.1.4

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 3$ .

$p (λ) = (2 - λ) (λ^{2} - 3 λ - 16) - 4 (- 4 λ - 26) + 6 (4 - 15 + 3 λ)$

Step 5.4.2.2

Subtract $15$ from $4$ .

$p (λ) = (2 - λ) (λ^{2} - 3 λ - 16) - 4 (- 4 λ - 26) + 6 (- 11 + 3 λ)$

Step 5.4.2.3

Reorder $- 11$ and $3 λ$ .

$p (λ) = (2 - λ) (λ^{2} - 3 λ - 16) - 4 (- 4 λ - 26) + 6 (3 λ - 11)$

Step 5.5

Simplify the determinant.

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Step 5.5.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 5.5.1.1

Expand $(2 - λ) (λ^{2} - 3 λ - 16)$ by multiplying each term in the first expression by each term in the second expression.

$p (λ) = 2 λ^{2} + 2 (- 3 λ) + 2 \cdot - 16 - λ \cdot λ^{2} - λ (- 3 λ) - λ \cdot - 16 - 4 (- 4 λ - 26) + 6 (3 λ - 11)$

Step 5.5.1.2

Simplify each term.

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Step 5.5.1.2.1

Multiply $- 3$ by $2$ .

$p (λ) = 2 λ^{2} - 6 λ + 2 \cdot - 16 - λ \cdot λ^{2} - λ (- 3 λ) - λ \cdot - 16 - 4 (- 4 λ - 26) + 6 (3 λ - 11)$

Step 5.5.1.2.2

Multiply $2$ by $- 16$ .

$p (λ) = 2 λ^{2} - 6 λ - 32 - λ \cdot λ^{2} - λ (- 3 λ) - λ \cdot - 16 - 4 (- 4 λ - 26) + 6 (3 λ - 11)$

Step 5.5.1.2.3

Multiply $λ$ by $λ^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 5.5.1.2.3.1

Move $λ^{2}$ .

$p (λ) = 2 λ^{2} - 6 λ - 32 - (λ^{2} λ) - λ (- 3 λ) - λ \cdot - 16 - 4 (- 4 λ - 26) + 6 (3 λ - 11)$

Step 5.5.1.2.3.2

Multiply $λ^{2}$ by $λ$ .

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Step 5.5.1.2.3.2.1

Raise $λ$ to the power of $1$ .

$p (λ) = 2 λ^{2} - 6 λ - 32 - (λ^{2} λ^{1}) - λ (- 3 λ) - λ \cdot - 16 - 4 (- 4 λ - 26) + 6 (3 λ - 11)$

Step 5.5.1.2.3.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$p (λ) = 2 λ^{2} - 6 λ - 32 - λ^{2 + 1} - λ (- 3 λ) - λ \cdot - 16 - 4 (- 4 λ - 26) + 6 (3 λ - 11)$

Step 5.5.1.2.3.3

Add $2$ and $1$ .

$p (λ) = 2 λ^{2} - 6 λ - 32 - λ^{3} - λ (- 3 λ) - λ \cdot - 16 - 4 (- 4 λ - 26) + 6 (3 λ - 11)$

Step 5.5.1.2.4

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$p (λ) = 2 λ^{2} - 6 λ - 32 - λ^{3} - 1 \cdot - 3 λ \cdot λ - λ \cdot - 16 - 4 (- 4 λ - 26) + 6 (3 λ - 11)$

Step 5.5.1.2.5

Multiply $λ$ by $λ$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 5.5.1.2.5.1

Move $λ$ .

$p (λ) = 2 λ^{2} - 6 λ - 32 - λ^{3} - 1 \cdot - 3 (λ \cdot λ) - λ \cdot - 16 - 4 (- 4 λ - 26) + 6 (3 λ - 11)$

Step 5.5.1.2.5.2

Multiply $λ$ by $λ$ .

$p (λ) = 2 λ^{2} - 6 λ - 32 - λ^{3} - 1 \cdot - 3 λ^{2} - λ \cdot - 16 - 4 (- 4 λ - 26) + 6 (3 λ - 11)$

Step 5.5.1.2.6

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 3$ .

$p (λ) = 2 λ^{2} - 6 λ - 32 - λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} - λ \cdot - 16 - 4 (- 4 λ - 26) + 6 (3 λ - 11)$

Step 5.5.1.2.7

Multiply $- 16$ by $- 1$ .

$p (λ) = 2 λ^{2} - 6 λ - 32 - λ^{3} + 3 λ^{2} + 16 λ - 4 (- 4 λ - 26) + 6 (3 λ - 11)$

Step 5.5.1.3

Add $2 λ^{2}$ and $3 λ^{2}$ .

$p (λ) = 5 λ^{2} - 6 λ - 32 - λ^{3} + 16 λ - 4 (- 4 λ - 26) + 6 (3 λ - 11)$

Step 5.5.1.4

Add $- 6 λ$ and $16 λ$ .

$p (λ) = 5 λ^{2} + 10 λ - 32 - λ^{3} - 4 (- 4 λ - 26) + 6 (3 λ - 11)$

Step 5.5.1.5

Apply the distributive property.

$p (λ) = 5 λ^{2} + 10 λ - 32 - λ^{3} - 4 (- 4 λ) - 4 \cdot - 26 + 6 (3 λ - 11)$

Step 5.5.1.6

Multiply $- 4$ by $- 4$ .

$p (λ) = 5 λ^{2} + 10 λ - 32 - λ^{3} + 16 λ - 4 \cdot - 26 + 6 (3 λ - 11)$

Step 5.5.1.7

Multiply $- 4$ by $- 26$ .

$p (λ) = 5 λ^{2} + 10 λ - 32 - λ^{3} + 16 λ + 104 + 6 (3 λ - 11)$

Step 5.5.1.8

Apply the distributive property.

$p (λ) = 5 λ^{2} + 10 λ - 32 - λ^{3} + 16 λ + 104 + 6 (3 λ) + 6 \cdot - 11$

Step 5.5.1.9

Multiply $3$ by $6$ .

$p (λ) = 5 λ^{2} + 10 λ - 32 - λ^{3} + 16 λ + 104 + 18 λ + 6 \cdot - 11$

Step 5.5.1.10

Multiply $6$ by $- 11$ .

$p (λ) = 5 λ^{2} + 10 λ - 32 - λ^{3} + 16 λ + 104 + 18 λ - 66$

Step 5.5.2

Add $10 λ$ and $16 λ$ .

$p (λ) = 5 λ^{2} + 26 λ - 32 - λ^{3} + 104 + 18 λ - 66$

Step 5.5.3

Add $26 λ$ and $18 λ$ .

$p (λ) = 5 λ^{2} + 44 λ - 32 - λ^{3} + 104 - 66$

Step 5.5.4

Add $- 32$ and $104$ .

$p (λ) = 5 λ^{2} + 44 λ - λ^{3} + 72 - 66$

Step 5.5.5

Subtract $66$ from $72$ .

$p (λ) = 5 λ^{2} + 44 λ - λ^{3} + 6$

Step 5.5.6

Move $44 λ$ .

$p (λ) = 5 λ^{2} - λ^{3} + 44 λ + 6$

Step 5.5.7

Reorder $5 λ^{2}$ and $- λ^{3}$ .

$p (λ) = - λ^{3} + 5 λ^{2} + 44 λ + 6$